Applications of Natural Science to Social Science

Applications of Natural Science to Social Science What can social science learn from natural science? Like all social sciences, the field of international relations attempts to provide both theoretical and practical insights into human behavior through the application of scientific principles. The inherent difficulty in social sciences, however, is just that – the attempt to provide insight into human behavior, which is notoriously resistant to attempts at predicting it through the means of logic. The personal relationship between the social scientist and the subject matter s/he studies, vs. and the natural scientist and the matter being studied tends to differ by virtue of both ideology and subjectivity; the natural scientist is bound, ethically, to conform his or her beliefs to the evidence gleaned from scientific method. Often, however, the ethical boundaries in the social sciences are less clear and more subject to the personal biases of the person doing the studying; the beliefs or theories are often used to tailor the evidence. The studied objectivity expected of the nat ural scientist is well-suited to the abstract or the impersonal elements of study; objectivity becomes more difficult to sustain when the inherently subjective matters of human behavior come into play in such social sciences as international relations. Given the often national or global human consequences of the application of theories of international relations, is it possible to remain neutral? Natural scientists believe that their work is ethically neutral. To be sure, their work can be put to good and bad uses, but this presumably reflects on the users rather than on the content of the science itself. The relationship between social science and the values of the social scientist seems far more immediate and direct than this, and this alleged contrast has been the subject for continuing discussion and debate†¦ Our observations of the social world seem even more coloured by the theory we employ than is the case in the natural sciences. (Ruben, 1998) Within the field of international relations, the aforementioned debate manifests itself in the competition between positivist and post-positivist theories. Positivist theories operate under the conviction that the principles of study as applied in the natural sciences, i.e. scientific method, and the analysis of quantifiable, measurable, and repeatable evidence, are applicable, valid, and valuable in the field of international relations. Positivist theories hold that the behavior of nation-states and the individuals who influence the policies of nation-states can be observed, studied, predicted, and reliably understood through the application of those theories. Examples of positivist international relations theories include liberalism, realism, neo-liberalism, and neo-realism (which we shall discuss in a moment). Post-positivist theories, such as social constructivism or international society theories, reject the notion that social systems, such as those in international relations, c an be studied in an objective manner that is free of value judgments. Scientific method, to adherents of post-positivist theories, is of little use in the field of international relations and those of this school of thought believe that ethics and other normative value concepts must be always be an inherent component of international relations studies. What exactly are the tenets of the scientific method, and how can they be usefully applied to social sciences such as international relations? In brief, the scientific method relies on the developing and testing of hypotheses designed to explain phenomena, in this case human phenomena, the behavior of nation-states. The studies are designed to test the hypotheses in a variety of different situations, tested by controlled experiments, the variables of which are carefully controlled and monitored by experts trained and qualified in the field of study. The evidence gathered by the studies is freely shared with other scientists for use in their own work, and theories that fail to hold up under rigorous examination must be discarded, modified, and/or updated without regard to personal attachment or subjective opinions. What is most difficult about the application of scientific method to the social sciences is the difficulty in maintaining consistency and reliability within controlled experiment situations. The ideal location for controlled experiments is, of course, a laboratory where scientists can carefully control any and all variables which might affect the outcome of the study and hence undermine or support the theory or hypothesis being tested. Human behavior is rarely confined to laboratory settings, however, and what is true about human behavior in this regard is even more true when it comes to collective human behavior, i.e., the behavior of nation-states. Further compounding the difficulty in maintaining controlled experiment environments with respect to international relations is that on the macrocosmic level of the world stage, the variables affecting the behavior of nation-states are not only numerous but their causal relationships are not always clear, linear, or even logical to an ob server, even if trained. There is little room for sentimental attachment to theories that fail to predict or solve international relations problems such as war or genocide, and to the extent that difficulty in adherence to scientific method leaves room for the dangerous influence of personal subjectivity, creative ways to maximize rigid application of scientific theory to international relations is key to the usefulness of positivist theories. One of the fundamental scientific theories underpinning most positivist international relations theories is a concept known as rational choice theory. (Rational choice theory is not unique or native to international relations; indeed, it is widely used in other social sciences such as economics and sociology.) Rational choice theory holds, on a basic level, that human beings generally use reason and rational processes to achieve a desired end or ends that they may seek at any given point in time – instrumental reason, in other words. Individuals, whether they be literal single human beings, or nation-states, who operate within the paradigm of rational choice theory are known as rational actors. Noted political theorists Shapiro and Green (1994) offered their analysis of how rational choice theory manifests itself in the context of international relations by identifying four elemental characteristics: 1) Rational actors employ the concept of utility maximization, which means th at where there are a variety of options for a rational actor to achieve its goals, it will choose the option calculated to have the maximum potential to improve its welfare; 2) The rational actor possesses the ability to evaluate the possible consequences of selecting any one of its various options to improve its welfare and prioritize the appeal of said options; 3) rational choice theory is at its core a theory of individual behavior, and though international relations is largely the study of groups of individuals who comprise the rational actors which populate the world stage, rational choice theory assumes and depends on the pre-eminence of the individual; and 4) rational choice theory is universally applicable. Rational choice theory in international relations is also closely related to rational choice theory in economics, insofar as economics describes the competition for allocation of finite resources,and in international relations, the competition between rational actors for those resources as they seek to improve their welfare and achieve their various goals. The two chief positivist manifestations of rational choice theory in international relations, then, are liberalism and realism, the former holding that nation-states are inherently predisposed to cooperate because of the self-evident futility of war, and the latter holding the opposite, that cooperation between nation-states is merely an incidental function of states seeking maximize their respective welfares and that the behavior of nation-states must always be seen through a prism which presupposes a primacy of self-interest among rational actors. The realist school of thought has largely predominated in the field of international relations for several decades, though it has been heavily criticized by those who believe realism is devoid of necessary ethical and moral compasses required to identify times when rational actors may not behave quite so rationally, thereby incurring human suffering. Realist international relations are heavily dependent upon multinational, multilateral go verning bodies such as NATO, the United Nations, etc., and individual nation-states’ adherence to the norms proscribed by membership in these types of institutions. Clearly, however, common sense provides us with numerous examples where both rational choice theory and realism have failed to accurately predict irrational behavior by nation-states and/or their leaders, and thus failed to predict and alleviate human suffering. Critiques of rational choice theory and realism point to the Holocaust, genocide in Sudan, Saddam Hussein’s attack on Kuwait, etc., as recent and painful examples of the failure of an over-dependency on theoretical models to predict complex human behavior. Realist international relations paradigms successfully guided the world through the Cold War without an additional conflict along the scale of World Wars I and II, however, so they cannot be held to be meritless. The application of scientific method to international relations is in part a function of necessity rather than any proof that the interactions of nation-states are easily describable by unassailably accurate theories; in short, attempts to analyze human behavior on a global scale, however imperfect, is a far preferable modus operandi than simply guessing as to why nation-states behave as they do. The stakes are simply too high – human lives, human welfare, for example for ad hoc guesswork to be the de facto methodology of international relations. An acknowledgement of the limitations of scientific method as applied in the social sciences is as important as its very application. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ruben, David-Hillel. (1998). â€Å"Social science, philosophy of,† In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Available from:  http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/R047 Coleman, J. S. and Ferrero, M. (1992) Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and  Critique. London: Sage Green, D.P. and Shapiro, I. (1994) Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven: Yale University Press. Shepsle, K. A. and Bonchek, M. S. (1997) Analyzing Politics. London: Norton.

Pearl Harbor Interactive Map

How did the United States attempt to halt the Japanese before the attack? They shot the submarine and it sunk. . On which Hawaiian island is pearl Harbor located? AAU 4. What did Bert Davis and Warren Law think the chances were for a Japanese attack? Bert Davis thought that it wasn't goanna happen as quick as it did. Warren Law thought that they weren't going to do it. 5. How many Japanese planes were in the first wave of the attack? 1 83 6. Which ship fired the first shots Of the war between the U. S. And Japan? Did the first shot hit?The Us Destroyer Ward and the first shot did not hit but the second one did. 7. At what time did the Ward report that it had been engaged? 6:30 8. Why does this message move so slowly? . At 0720 an officer in training shrugs off reports of the planes that were sighted†¦ Why? For security reasons he cannot tell radio operators. 10. At 0733 a message arrives in Honolulu, what happened that led Roosevelt to believe there may be an attack? A decoded J apanese message. 1 1 . According to Japanese pilot Harbor Hosing, how did they judge how high to fly?If the spray from the torpedo hit the wings 12. When the attack started what had the Japanese hoped to see, and didn't? Aircraft carriers 13. How did Warren Jones know that this was not a drill? 0755 He heard guns firing from his side of defense 14. What mistake on the part Of the Japanese led to the Utah being hit? They saw the wood-covered decks, and Hough she was a carrier 15. After reading about the Oklahoma, what happened which made it hard for the crew to escape? The battleship rolled over 16.Why was the Arizona hit by torpedoes and tables not? How were Carl Carbon's and Warner Falseness experiences different? The torpedoes went under the Vestal and they were different because Carl was on the Arizona and Warner was on the Vestal. 17. Where was Mary' Ann Ramsey? What does she remember? She was on Ford Island, and she remembers exploding of bombs, whine of lanes, fragments explod ing, smoke everywhere 18. Who was Dories Miller? Why is he considered such a hero? Dories Miller saved and injured captain and then shot down 3 Joneses planes 19.On the West Virginia 3 men survived trapped until what date? What happened? December 23, and they died because the air gave out 20. Why couldn't the B-1 7 Flying Fortresses that arrived from the mainland help? It couldn't help because they didn't have any gunfire 21 . Why was the explosion on the Arizona so devastating? It was so devastating because it killed 11 77 men and it all happened in 9 minutes 22. Who was America's first prisoner of war? Ensign Kane Kamala 23. Why did the Nevada not continue with her escape?

Safety

Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by heir same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others.

Character Analysis OfCathedral By Raymond Carvers Cathedral

The life of the unnamed wife was a series of events. She received a job reading to a blind man in Seattle named Robert who she became very fond of. After some time, the wife married her childhood sweetheart who was a part of the military and ended up moving away. She kept in touch with Robert throughout her time overseas, the divorce and the marriage to her new husband. The two kept in touch, but began to drift apart until Roberts wife died and he came to visit the unnamed narrator and wife (Carver p.32-35). Once Robert walked through the door his appearance and personality surprised the narrator greatly. In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† the narrator is constantly judging Robert because of his disability. The narrators’ analysis of the†¦show more content†¦Along with the beard Robert was continually lighting up cigarettes and putting them in an ashtray (Carver p.36). This led the narrator to more confusion because Robert could not see the smoke from the cigarette and putting out the cigarette could not be easy for someone who is blind. It is also common that those who are blind wear dark glasses at all times to keep their eyes covered from the public, Robert was the exception. An additional stereotype given to the blind is that they are unable to live alone and care for themselves (â€Å"Top†). Before Robert came to visit he was married to his wife, Beulah. His wife passed away shortly before his appearance at the home of his old friend, but in the short time after his wife had passed and before he had met her, he had been caring for himself and living life alone without his disability slowing him down. Along with living alone Robert was able to transport himself to the train so he could visit his friend and her husband. As one can see being blind does not slow down a person physically, especially Robert. Throughout the story the narrator was treating Robert as if he had a disability and the wife treated him as if there was nothing strikingly different about him. Today people who are blind are treated as an outsider because people believe that they can’t do anything because they have a disability. In â€Å"Cathedral† the reader can see that being blind doesn’t slow Robert down or make him feel like an

Neurobiology Of Evil - Nature And Nurture - 1955 Words

Neurobiology of Evil - Nature and Nurture THE CONTROVERSY: Ever since Plato and Aristotle, Locke and Descartes, and Charles Darwin,the controversy of nature and nurture has been ageless, its debate still continuing on today. Likewise, the forces that produce those with antisocial behavior are still obscure to researchers; one end of the spectrum viewing the issue as largely the result of genetic or biological factors, whereas at the other end posit that it is entirely of social environment (Hare 165). There are many that are skeptic with the idea of genetic predisposition of evil - the idea that their own family with biologically innate risk factors for violence is indeed alarming, especially if nothing can be done about it. Some also worry that acknowledging such biological disabilities will result in a society that takes a soft approach to crime, holding no one accountable for his or her actions, furthermore using biology to stigmatize ostensibly innocent individuals (Raine). It is growing rather difficult, however, to avoid the mounting evidence. Advanced science can now utilize modern technology to distinguish brain anatomies of specific individuals that will grow up to express dangerously antisocial behavior. With each passing year, society is at the point where the genetic basis of criminal behavior is well established (Raine). But even if neurobiology is found to be the predominant factor in determining antisocial or even psychopathic behavior in a person,

Religion - The Opiate of the People Essay - 1352 Words

I’m not often fond of Marx, the poor fool never recognized the inherent problems of his rather incoherent and unrealistic philosophy, but, I do think that an intelligent man, no matter how deluded can occasionally hit on the right idea. What idea? Simple, â€Å"Die Religion ... ist das Opium des Volkes,† that is, Religion is the opiate of the (common) people. On this, there can be no question he is absolutely right, opiates and religion are one in the same. A man addicted to opiates finds his world more cheerful under the influence of the latex of poppies, sees value in life through the dreamy gaze of opium induced euphoria, and acts in a neurotic and delusional manner with his mind impaired in the opiate induced stupor he brings upon himself.†¦show more content†¦The Christian tries to force secular law to conform to the grotesque morality of the Old Testament and its vindictive and childish god, while praising the nihilistic slave morality of the New Testamen t, laboring endlessly so that rational man must live in a society governed by the most irrational and stupid of laws and customs drawn from the most irrational and contradictory mythological volume compiled by man. To the Christian, those who sin must be treated as criminals, and those who do not accept the morality of Christian neurosis should be forced to by the will of the majority. Otherwise perfectly rational positions, being pro-choice, for instance, are attacked not through logic, but through arguments formulated from a tome which to any rational person should appear no more valid than the Iliad. The Christian forces his Ten Commandments and Creation Science onto a secular nation through the majority of people (which means little when the majority of this country is immensely stupid and ignorant), in contravention of the Constitution. The Christian demands the criminalization of gambling, of drugs, of prostitution, it demands that crimes with no victim except their variant of Odin or Zeus be punished with mandatory minimum sentences. They cannot allow sin to exist in this world, for fear their deity will bring down his wrath upon those who permit it. This of course isShow MoreRelatedReligion Is The Opiate Of The People1566 Words   |  7 Pageswhile we question our existence and the deeper meaning of life. We have discovered that religion answers these disconcerting questions. From worldly tradition, we have learned that religion fills those empty gaps in places that we cannot answer our own questions. It creates hope and gives people a meaning and feeling of belonging. Carl Marx describes, â€Å"Religion is the opiate of the people.† It makes people forget about inequality and oppression. It is more than a practice or a belief. It isRead More Pass The Opium, Please Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pages Religion is said to be the opiate of the masses, and it is definitely a point of interest in George Orwells famous novel Animal Farm. In it, Orwell pointedly attacks religion in general and Christianity in particular through the use of a well placed symbolic bird by the name of Moses. Orwells stance is rather apparent as Moses darts about the farm scene conveying the duality of Christianity quite superbly. At the first mention of the raven Moses, one immediately gets the impression that he standsRead MoreMarx And Durkheim On Religion839 Words   |  4 PagesMarx and Durkheim on Religion SOC201 998036931 Kirsten Kelleher Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim formulate similar sociological theories regarding the epistemology and origin of religion and religious beliefs. Both thinkers acknowledge a necessary connection between community and religion. As antagonistic, functionalist thinkers, both Marx and Durkheim maintain that â€Å"God† or the â€Å"divine†, is merely a projection of human beings highest ideals and greatest characteristics creating a â€Å"God† like illusionRead MoreHow the Social Importance of Religion Has Receded with Modernity1617 Words   |  7 PagesReligion has always been of high social importance and influence within civilization and their society. This essay will argue that as modernity has progressed the social importance of religion has receded, but the gradient of this recession and by how much varies upon the society. Modernity typically refers to a â€Å"post-medieval historical period, one marked by the move from feudalism toward capitalism, indust rialization, secularization, rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions†Read MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1332 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinated by religion science as they talked about different religion in depth that exist on earth and various perspectives of well known people on the study of religion. I chose Karl Marx and Max Weber for my paper assignment. Two sociologists and philosophers have discussed their views on religion and its impact on society. Most of the Sociologist of that time wrote about the role of religion in society, Karl Marx and Max Weber observations are particularly relevant for our course. Religion is one ofRead MoreMarx Weber and Durkheim on Religion Essays1378 Words   |  6 PagesA religion can be seen as a unified system of beliefs and practices which are relative to sacred things and beliefs (Giddens 1972, p.224). It can shape ones thoughts and feelings and gives people a sense of hope and something to believe in. All three main sociologist writers Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offer different perspectives on religion and how important it is to society. Some of the theorists chose to have a positive view whilst others argue the unimportance of religion. This essayRead More Marx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Essay514 Words   |  3 PagesMarx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Karl Marx wrote that religion was, â€Å"an opiate of the people.† Although those words were not published in The German Ideology, they best describe his various views on religion. Marx wrote that there was a social relationship between the upper class or bourgeoisie and religion. The upper class that owned the means of production used religion as a tool to keep the working class or proletariat, oppressed and poor. Marx criticized that religion had so many ulteriorRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Karl Marx1690 Words   |  7 Pages The works of German philosopher’s Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx have played significant roles in the development of different sects of philosophy and religion. Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia, now presently Kaliningrad, to a devout, poverty-stricken family of eleven children. Through his works, it is evident that Kant was raised in the religious teachings and values of pietism as his theories show a heavy influence of his religious upbringing. Kant as a young boy was accustomedRead MoreThe Video Opiate Addiction : Understanding Replacement Therapy Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesIn the video Opiate Addiction: Understanding Replacement Therapy, Scott Farnum talks about methadone replacement therapy. There were many topics covered in this video and the topics were introduced in a psychoeducational format. The topics covered included a brief history opioids, brain chemistry, post acute withdrawal syndrome, abstinence based treatment programs verses harm reduction, and how an individual asses the damages of opioids on the brain. As a counselor in training, I found all the informationRead More Functionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society716 Words   |  3 PagesFunctionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society Assess the view that sociological arguments and evidence support the Functionalist view of the role and functions of religion in contemporary society. Functionalists believe that religion is a conservative force, and an institution which adds to the requirements of society. They say it ultimately operates as an agency of socialisation. Durkheim (1912) said that all societies are separated into

Experimental Evidence Business Plan Competition †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Experimental Evidence Business Plan Competition. Answer: Introduction: Bryman and Bell (2015) opine that it is of great essence for an investor to decide what investments to make and in which project. The success of investment comes if right amount of money is invested in a particular project. In this case, the four business projects are:- A coffee shop Excel Delivery solutions New business electric auto in Thailand I-claim technology software The total investment of the given four projects is $100,000. Therefore, the segment for the investment Accounting can be explained with the help of the following. From the above graph, it can be inferred that the business plan of the coffee shop will get the higher investment, followed by I-claim technology software, followed by Excel delivery solutions and lastly the business electric auto plan in Thailand. This is mainly because the coffee shop business has a universal appeal and can cater in all the markets (McKenzie 2015). Due to its large scale appeal, it requires a higher amount of investment. The coffee shop is mainly targeted in Chinese market and it also has a wide range of packaging ideas. Due to this reason, it requires 35 percent of the total investment. The second most investment will be given to the business plan of I-claim technology. This software has a unique concept and is capable of gaining a higher return on investment as well. In addition to this, this product depends on a differentiation strategy; therefore, it can easily create a niche market segment of customers. On the other hand, the business plans Excel Delivery solu tions and new business electric auto in Thailand will be given lesser preference. This is mainly because of the fact that from an investors point of view, it is of great essence to keep an eye on return on investment. Therefore, the first two business plans is expected to deliver more and on the other hand, it will cater a large section of customers and higher market segment. Due to this reason, a higher percent of the required investment of $100,000 will be given to the above two business plans in comparison to the other two. It can be also inferred that the business plan of the coffee shop will be cater in the Chinese market. It has been seen that the economy of China is one of the biggest economy of the world, therefore, it is also expected that the coffee shop will yield more revenue and profit. In this manner, the investment decision can be justified. Comparison and evaluation of the business plans The above four business plans can be compared with the help of their operating and business Accounting strategies. It can be inferred that the success of all the four business plans depends upon their effective implementation of their business and operating strategies. If their strategies is not effective enough, then, the entire business plan will be a huge failure. The main target market segment of the business plan of the coffee shop is the Chinese Market. The main core competency of the coffee shop is its packaging style and selling coffee products at cheaper rates than its global business competitor, Starbucks. The business opportunity of the coffee shop is huge and it will yield more return on investment due to its core competitiveness (McKenzie 2015). It is also expected that the business plan will reach its break-even point within a span of two years and it will give 20 percent return on investment within 3 years. This can be considered as a perfect investment both in short-term and long-term purpose. The given business plan of delivery solution is dependent on technology as it is a transport and logistics business. The main target of Excel Delivery solutions is to create a core competency in their logistics and operating system and is expected to grow based on this. The given business plan is expected to develop an effective yet simple sales and marketing strategy in order to cater new segment of customers (Schaper et al. 2014) It is expected that the organization will reach its break-even point within 3-4 years and it will grow in the long-term. The business opportunity in the electric automobile can also be considered as a profitable venture for any investor. Therefore, it is expected that the given business plan can gain revenue within 2-3 years. This is mainly because of the selected market, Thailand, where the growth opportunity is huge, keeping a long-term view. Therefore, an investor can invest a considerable amount in this business plan (Wild, Wild and Han 2014) The business plan of I-claim technology software can be considered as a niche market product. In addition to this, the marketing plan of this product is designed for a particular set of customers. Due to this reason, it is expected that the prices of the product will be huge and it can be termed as a high-street brand. The profit margin will be on the higher side, and so is the investment. It is also expected that the business plan will reach its break-even after 3-4 years and it will yield more profits after that. These are the main business organizations of the above four business plans. The investor will invest according to the feasibility of investment. References Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Accounting Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. McKenzie, D.J., 2015. Identifying and spurring high-growth entrepreneurship: experimental evidence from a business plan competition. Browser Download This Paper. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014. Entrepreneurship and small business. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014. International business. Pearson Education Limited.